Software Is Changing (Again)

Karpathy describes software in three layers: code written by people, neural networks trained from data, and language models programmed through natural language. All three now occupy the same machine, which seems excessive until one remembers that software has never objected to complexity on principle.

Agents need not be either passive tools or unsupervised actors. Designers can choose how much work a system performs, where a person intervenes, and how confidence is earned over time.